A panic attack is a sudden episode of intense fear or discomfort that can develop quickly, sometimes without an obvious trigger. Symptoms may include a racing heartbeat, sweating, trembling, chest tightness, dizziness, tingling, nausea, shortness of breath or a feeling of losing control.
During anxiety or panic, a person may begin breathing more quickly or deeply than the body requires. This is known as hyperventilation. It can lower the level of carbon dioxide in the blood and contribute to light-headedness, tingling, muscle tension and a sense of breathlessness.
Slow, controlled breathing may help. Try breathing gently through the nose, allowing the abdomen to rise, and making the out-breath slightly longer than the in-breath. Grounding techniques—such as naming things you can see, hear and feel—may also reduce the sense of alarm.
Because panic symptoms can resemble other medical conditions, a first or unusual episode should be assessed, especially when there is chest pain, fainting, severe breathlessness or a known heart or lung condition. Call emergency services when symptoms are severe or there is uncertainty about their cause.
Recurring panic attacks can be treated. A healthcare professional may recommend education, cognitive behavioural therapy, stress-management strategies and, in some cases, medication. Reducing caffeine, improving sleep and maintaining regular physical activity may also help.
Medical information notice: This article provides general health information and does not replace an individual medical consultation, diagnosis or treatment.